C++ from the Ground Up, Third Edition

Herbert Schildt is the world’s leading programming author. He is an authority on the C, C++, Java, and C# languages, and is a master Windows programmer. His programming books have sold more than 3 million copies worldwide and have been translated into all major foreign languages. He is the author of numerous bestsellers, including C++: The Complete Reference, C#: The Complete Reference, Java 2: The Complete Reference, C: The Complete Reference, C++ From the Ground Up, C++: A Beginner’s Guide, C#: A Beginner’s Guide, and Java 2: A Beginner’s Guide. Schildt holds a master’s degree in computer science from the...
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C++ from the Ground Up, Third Edition C++from the Ground Up Third EditionAbout the AuthorHerbert Schildt is the world’s leadingprogramming author. He is an authority on theC, C++, Java, and C# languages, and is a masterWindows programmer. His programming bookshave sold more than 3 million copies worldwideand have been translated into all major foreignlanguages. He is the author of numerous bestsellers,including C++: The Complete Reference, C#: TheComplete Reference, Java 2: The Complete Reference,C: The Complete Reference, C++ From the Ground Up,C++: A Beginner’s Guide, C#: A Beginner’s Guide, andJava 2: A Beginner’s Guide. Schildt holds a master’sdegree in computer science from the University ofIllinois. He can be reached at his consulting officeat (217) 586-4683. C++from the Ground Up Third Edition Herbert Schildt McGraw-Hill/Osborne New York Chicago San Francisco Lisbon London Madrid Mexico City Milan New Delhi San Juan Seoul Singapore Sydney TorontoMcGraw-Hill/Osborne2600 Tenth StreetBerkeley, California 94710U.S.A.To arrange bulk purchase discounts for sales promotions, premiums, or fund-raisers,please contact McGraw-Hill/Osborne at the above address. For information ontranslations or book distributors outside the U.S.A., please see the InternationalContact Information page immediately following the index of this book.C++ from the Ground Up, Third EditionCopyright © 2003 by The McGraw-Hill Companies. All rights reserved. Printed inthe United States of America. Except as permitted under the Copyright Act of1976, no part of this publication may be reproduced or distributed in any formor by any means, or stored in a database or retrieval system, without the priorwritten permission of publisher, with the exception that the program listings maybe entered, stored, and executed in a computer system, but they may not bereproduced for publication.1234567890 DOC DOC 019876543ISBN 0-07-222897-0Publisher IndexerBrandon A. Nordin Sheryl SchildtVice President & Computer DesignersAssociate Publisher Tabitha M. Cagan, Tara A. Davis,Scott Rogers John Patrus, Lucie EricksenAcquisitions Editor IllustratorsLisa McClain Michael Mueller, Lyssa Wald, Melinda LytleProject Editors Cover Series DesignJenn Tust, Elizabeth Seymour John Nedwidek, emdesignProofreader Cover IllustrationMarian M. Selig Lance RavellaThis book was composed with Corel VENTURA™ Publisher.Information has been obtained by McGraw-Hill/Osborne from sources believed to be reliable. However, because of thepossibility of human or mechanical error by our sources, McGraw-Hill/Osborne, or others, McGraw-Hill/Osborne does notguarantee the accuracy, adequacy, or completeness of any information and is not responsible for any errors or omissions or theresults obtained from the use of such information. Contents Preface ..................................................... xvii1 The Story of C++ . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 1 The Origins of C++ . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 2 The Creation of C . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 2 Understanding the Need for C++ . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 4 C++ Is Born . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 5 The Evolution of C++ . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 6 What Is Object-Oriented Programming? . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 6 Encapsulation . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 7 ...