Giáo trình Tiếng Anh chuyên ngành tài chính: Phần 2

Nối tiếp nội dung phần 1, phần 2 cuốn giáo trình "Tiếng Anh chuyên ngành tài chính" cung cấp cho người đọc các bài học về chủ đề tài chính, kế toán kiểm toán, phân tích tài chính, marketing và kinh doanh quốc tế. Mời các bạn cùng tham khảo nội dung chi tiết.
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Giáo trình Tiếng Anh chuyên ngành tài chính: Phần 2 WWW.DAYKEMQUYNHON.UCOZ.COM WWW.FACEBOOK.COM/DAYKEM.QUYNHON ƠN Unit 20 NH TAXATION UY I. Reading .Q Most of the money to run the Government comes from taxes TP of all sorts -on personal and corporate incomes, on sales of goods, O on imports and on inheritances. The ultimate source of all tax ĐẠ money is the same-people. NG The primary function of taxation is, of course, to raise HƯ revenue to finance government expenditure, but taxes can also have other purposes. Indirect excise duties, for example, can be N designed to dissuade people from smoking, drinking aleohol, and Ầ TR so 0 *1 . Governments can also encourage capital investment by permitting various methods of accelerated depreciation B 00 accounting that allow companies to deduct more of the cost of 10 investments from their profit, and consequently reduce their tax bills. A HÓ There is always a lot of debate as to the fairness of tax system. Business profit, for example, are generally taxed twice: Í- companies pay tax on their profits (corporation tax in Britain, -L income tax in the USA), and the shareholders pay income tax on ÁN dividends. Income taxes in most countries are progressive, and TO are one of the ways in which governments can redistribute wealth. The problem with progressive taxes is that the marginal N rate- the tax people pay on any additional income-is always high, ĐÀ which is generally a disincentive to both working and investing. N On the other hand, most sales taxes are slightly regressive, Ễ because poorer people need to spend a larger proportion of their DI income on consumption than the rich. 136 Đóng góp PDF bởi Nguyễn Thanh Tú WWW.FACEBOOK.COM/BOIDUONGHOAHOCQUYNHON WWW.DAYKEMQUYNHON.UCOZ.COM WWW.FACEBOOK.COM/DAYKEM.QUYNHON The higher the tax rate, the more people are tempted to ƠN cheat, but there is a substantial ‘black’ or ‘underground’ economy nearly everywhere. In Italy, for example, self- employed people - NH whose income is more difficult to control than that of company UY employees - account for more than half of national income. Lots of people also have undeclared part-time jobs (some people call this .Q ‘moonlighting’) with small and medium - sized family firms, on TP which no one pays any tax or national insurance. At the end of O 1996, the Director of the Italian National Institute of Statistics ĐẠ calculated the size of the underground economy, and added 16.7% to Italy’s gross national product (GNP) figure, and then claimed NG that Italy had overtaken Britain to become the world’s fifth HƯ largest economy. N ...