Lecture On safety and security of information systems: Cryptography

Lecture "On safety and security of information systems: Cryptography" provide students with knowledge about: Basic terminology of cryptography; History of cryptography; Symmetric cipher;... Please refer to the detailed content of the lecture!
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Lecture On safety and security of information systems: Cryptography Cryptography Contents 1) Basic Terminology of cryptography 2) History of cryptography 3) Symmetric Cipher 4) Asymmetric Cipher 5) Hashing algorithms 1. Basic Terminology Basic Terminology  Plaintext: The original message  Ciphertext: the crypted message  Encryption: the process of converting plaintext into ciphertext Plaintext Ciphertext  Decryption: the process of recovering ciphertext into plaintext Ciphertext Plaintext  Cipher: is an algorithm to encrypt or decrypt information. Basic Terminology  Cryptosystem: The algorithms, or ciphers, used to encrypt and decrypt data Cryptosystem = encryption + decryption algorithms.  Key: info used in cipher known only to sender/receiver Cryptology  Cryptography: is the Science of Writing in Secret Code  Cryptanalysis: science of studying attacks against cryptographic systems  Cryptology = Cryptography + Cryptanalysis CRYPTOLOGY CRYPTOGRAPHY CRYPTANALYSIS Cryptography Cryptographic systems are characterized along three independent dimensions  Type of encryption operations used  Substitution: replacing each element of the plaintext with another element  Transposition: rearranging the order of the elements of the plaintext.  Product: using multiple stages of substitutions and transpositions Cryptography  Number of keys used:  Symmetric: single-key, private-key  Asymmetric: two-key, public-key  way in which the plaintext is processed  Block cipher: processes the input one block of elements at a time  Stream cipher: processes the input elements continuously Cryptanalysis  Objective: to recover the key in use rather than simply to recover the plaintext of a single ciphertext.  Two general approaches:  Brute-force attack: try every key to decipher the ciphertext  Cryptanalysis attack: exploit the characteristics of the algorithm to attempt to deduce a specific plaintext or to deduce the key being used Cryptanalysis  Brute-force attack: On average, half of all possible keys must be tried to achieve success. Cryptology CRYPTOLOGY CRYPTOGRAPHY CRYPTANALYSIS SYMMETRIC ASYMMETRIC CLASSICAL MODERN Substitution Block ciphers Transposition Stream ciphers 2. Symmetric Ciphers A. Classical Encryption B. Modern Encryption SYMMETRIC CIPHER MODEL  Plaintext  Encryption algorithm  Secret key  Ciphertext  Decryption algorithm Requirements  Two requirements for secure use of symmetric encryption:  strong encryption algorithm  secret key know only to sender/receiver  Mathematically have  Y=E(K,X)  X=D(K,Y)  assume encryption algorithm is known  implies a secure channel to distribute key A. Classical encryption  Caesar Cipher  Monoalphabetic Ciphers  Playfair Cipher Substitution Techniques  Hill Cipher  Polyalphabetic Ciphers  One-Time Pad A. Classical encryption (Cont.)  Transposition Techniques  Steganography Substitution Techniques a) Caesar Cipher  Invented by Julius Caesar.  Each letter is replaced by the letter K positions further down the alphabet. Example:  Plaintext: meet me after the toga party  Key: k=3  Ciphertext: PHHW PH DIWHU WKH WRJD SDUWB a) Caesar Cipher  Mathematically, map letter to numbers:  C = E(P, k) = (P + k) mod 26 C: Ciphertext letter P: Plaintext letter  P = D(C, k) = (C - k) mod 26 K: Key [1-25] Plaintext = “Go to the canteen after class”, k =4 Ciphertext = ???