Ngữ pháp: The Passive Voice

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Ngữ pháp:The Passive VoiceThe Passive VoiceIn other sections, you have seen verbs used in the active voice. The passive voice issometimes used in English as well. With the active voice, the agent or subject comesbefore the verb. With the passive, the subject (either stated or implied) follows theverb and is usually preceded with the word by:ACTIVE:--The doctor wrote a prescription.PASSIVE--The prescription was written by the doctor.NOTE: In the passive, the object of the active verb becomes the subject.To make the passive, use the appropriate form of the verb to be + past participle. Onlytransitive verbs are used in the passive:ACTIVE: Fred helps Jane.PASSIVE: Jane is helped by Fred.ACTIVE: He is helping her.PASSIVE: She is being helped by him.ACTIVE: He has helped her.PASSIVE: She has been helped by him.ACTIVE: He helped her.PASSIVE: She was helped by him.ACTIVE: He was helping her.PASSIVE: She was being helped by him.ACTIVE: He had helped her.PASSIVE: She had been helped by him.ACTIVE: He will help her.PASSIVE: She will be helped by him.ACTIVE: He is going to help her.PASSIVE: She is going to be helped by him.Usually the by phrase is omitted in a passive sentence. The passive is used mainlywhen it is not known or not important to know who was responsible for the action:--The house was built in 1960.(The by phrase is left out because it is understood that buildersbuilt the house).Using A Few, Few, A Little, and LittleA few and few are used with plural count nouns:--a few friends, few ideas, a few things to do, etc.A little and little are used with noncount nouns:--little money, a little rain, a little wind, etc.NOTE: Few and little give a negative idea, conveying the notion that something islargely absent:--They have very little money.--We have few options remaining.NOTE: A few and a little give a positive idea, indicating that something exists or ispresent:--I have a little free time today.--Do you have a few moments?Placement of Adjectives and AdverbsAdjectives and adverbs are invariable in English. Adjectives always come in front ofthe noun they modify. Adverbs usually come after the verb they modify.ADJECTIVES:a good bookan excellent dinnera fine winea charming persona hot dayan unreasonable personADVERBS:--This newspaper is published frequently.--The Immigration Agent is speaking quickly. Forms of OtherForms of other are used as either adjectives or pronouns:SINGULAR: another book (is) another isPLURAL: other books (are) others (are)SINGULAR: the other book (is) the other (is)PLURAL: the other books (are) the others (are)Note that a final -s is used only for a plural pronoun (others). Another means onemore in addition to the one(s) already mentioned. Other/others (without the) refer toseveral more in addition to the one(s) already mentioned. The other(s) has a differentmeaning (all that remains from a given number or specific group):--I have three apartments. Two are mine. The other is yours.Indefinite and Definite ArticlesThere is no need to worry about whether a noun is masculine, feminine, or neuter inEnglish. Normally, a noun is preceded by a definite article (THE) or an indefinitearticle (A, AN) as follows:DEFINITE ARTICLEthe touristthe areathe cardthe hotelthe restaurantthe peoplethe signsINDEFINITE ARTICLEa touristan areaa carda hotela restaurantsome peoplesome signsNote that definite articles refer to something specific, while indefinite articles refer tosomething non-specific. Use an in front of words beginning with vowels and somewith plural nouns.Using Some and AnyIn English the words some and any are used before plural nouns: some money, somedollars, any change, etc.However, it is often possible to leave out the word some in declarative sentences:--We have (some) checks.--Mr. Roberts gives them (some) money.The word any is usually used in questions and negations to replace some:--Do you have any change?--Do you have some change?--They dont have any friends.Imperatives (The Command Form)It is simple to use the imperative or command form in English. When a command isdirected at someone else, use the you form of the simple present tense:--You take the elevator.-->Take the elevator.(Simply drop the subject you.)If the command includes you and others, use the we form:--We take our luggage.-->Lets take the luggage.(Drop the subject we and add lets [let us].)Using ComparisonsThere are two ways to make a comparison in English.1.) Use more in front of the adjective.--Its more exciting.2.) Add -er to end of the adjective.--A bus is cheaper than a taxi.To complete a comparison, use than.--I am older than my wif ...