Báo cáo khoa học: Classification of forest humus forms: a French proposal

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Báo cáo khoa học: "Classification of forest humus forms: a French proposal" article Original Classification of forest humus forms: a French proposal F Toutain B Jabiol JJ Brun J Ponge A Brethes ONF, département des recherches techniques, cité administrative Coligny, 1 131, rue du Faubourg-Bannier, 45042 Orléans cedex; 2 CEMAGREF, domaine universitaire, 2, rue de la Papeterie, BP 76, 38402 Saint-Martin-d’Hères cedex; 3 ENGREF, 14, rue Girardet, 54042 Nancy cedex; 4 Muséum national d’histoire naturelle, laboratoire d’écologie générale, 4, avenue du Petit-Château, 91800 Brunoy; 5 CNRS, centre de pédologie biologique, BP 5,17, rue Notre-Dame-des-Pauvres, 54501 Vandceuvre cedex, France 18 March 1995) (Received 2 January 1994; acceptedSummary — A 2-way classification grid and a nomenclature are proposed for French forest humus formsbut which could include mountain, Mediterranean and tropical forms as well. This proposal takes intoaccount our present knowledge of biological mechanisms that take place in plant litter decomposi-tion, transformation of soil organic matter, linkage of the latter to mineral particles and building of thestructure in the A horizon. Basically, by adjoining free qualifiers, humus forms may be defined byaccounting also for their chemical and physical particularities.humus form / forest / classification / nomenclature / soil biologyRésumé — La classification des formes d’humus forestières : proposition française. Une grillede classification à 2 entrées et une nomenclature sont proposées pour les humus forestiers de France,mais pouvant s’appliquer aussi aux formes d’altitude, tropicales et méditerranéennes. Cette proposi-tion prend en compte les connaissances actuelles concernant les phénomènes biologiques intervenantdans la décomposition de la litière, la transformation de la matière organique, ses liens avec les par-ticules minérales et la structuration de l’horizon A. Par son principe même, grâce à l’adjonction dequalificatifs dont le choix est libre, les formes d’humus peuvent être précisées quant à leurs caractèreschimiques ou physiques particuliers. nomenclature / biologie du solforme d’humus / forêt / classification /* author CorrespondingINTRODUCTION (Marin et al, 1985; Ferry, 1992; Leroy et al, 1993). Progress in the scientific knowledge ofThe humus profile is comprised of different the soil, both in its chemical and biologicalscales which may be integrated: regional aspects, now allows us to propose a func-climate, parent rock, vegetation, soil organ- tional classification of forest humus forms. Aisms (Toutain, 1987a, b; Bemier and Ponge,1993). Humus forms are unevenly dis- worldwide tool is needed to enable soil sci-tributed over the world, for climatic and his- entists and foresters to describe every kindtorical reasons. As a consequence, various of existing humus profile. For that purpose,classifications have been in use until now, we propose a classification which is not tax-each focused on regional aspects. onomical. Rather, it aims to answer the question of how to see processes when In Kubiëna (1953) described Europe, observing the soil with the naked eye and humus forms, covering a widenumerous use this knowledge to identify humus formsrange of climates, parent rocks and vege- with more certainty.tation types. His criteria were derived mainlyfrom his own morphological observations. The proposed classification is based onDuchaufour (1956) and Babel (1971) later the same principles as the French Pedo-investigated different chemical and logical Reference Base for soil types (AFES,microstructural aspects, giving a scientific 1992). This is a reference system and not abasis for more refined classifications. Dele- hierarchical and exhaustive classification.cour (1980) then proposed an identification Humus forms are described by linking themkey for most humus forms present in west- to some well-defined reference forms and Europe.ern as many qualifiers as freely adjoining needed. An effort was made to make this In North America, the need for another classification scientific and pragmatic, pre-type of classification was emphasized by ...