Corporate Financing and the Six Lessons of Market Efficiency

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Corporate Financing and the Six Lessons of Market Efficiency CHAPTER 13 Corporate Financing and the Six Lessons of Market EfficiencyAnswers to Practice Questions1. a. An individual can do crazy things, but still not affect the efficiency of markets. The price of the asset in an efficient market is a consensus price as well as a marginal price. A nutty person can give assets away for free or offer to pay twice the market value. However, when the person’s supply of assets or money runs out, the price will adjust back to its prior level (assuming there is no new, relevant information released by his action). If you are lucky enough to know such a person, you will receive a positive gain at the nutty investor’s expense. You had better not count on this happening very often, though. Fortunately, an efficient market protects crazy investors in cases less extreme than the above. Even if they trade in the market in an “irrational” manner, they can be assured of getting a fair price since the price reflects all information. b. Yes, and how many people have dropped a bundle? Or more to the point, how many people have made a bundle only to lose it later? People can be lucky and some people can be very lucky; efficient markets do not preclude this possibility. c. Investor psychology is a slippery concept, more often than not used to explain price movements that the individual invoking it cannot personally explain. Even if it exists, is there any way to make money from it? If investor psychology drives up the price one day, will it do so the next day also? Or will the price drop to a ‘true’ level? Almost no one can tell you beforehand what ‘investor psychology’ will do. Theories based on it have no content. d. What good is a stable value when you can’t buy or sell at that value because new conditions or information have developed which make the stable price obsolete? It is the market price, the price at which you can buy or sell today, which determines value.2. a. There is risk in almost everything you do in daily life. You could lose your job or your spouse, or suffer damage to your house from a storm. That doesn’t necessarily mean you should quit your job, get a divorce, or sell your house. If we accept that our world is risky, then we must accept that asset values fluctuate as new information emerges. Moreover, if capital markets are functioning properly, then stock price changes will follow a random walk. The random walk of values is the result of rational investors coping with an uncertain world. 125 b. To make the example clearer, assume that everyone believes in the same chart. What happens when the chart shows a downward movement? Are investors going to be willing to hold the stock when it has an expected loss? Of course not. They start selling, and the price will decline until the stock is expected to give a positive return. The trend will ‘self-destruct.’ c. Random-walk theory as applied to efficient markets means that fluctuations from the expected outcome are random. Suppose there is an 80 percent chance of rain tomorrow (because it rained today). Then the local umbrella store’s stock price will respond today to the prospect of high sales tomorrow. The store’s sales will not follow a random walk, but its stock price will, because each day the stock price reflects all that investors know about future weather and future sales.3. One of the ways to think about market inefficiency is that it implies there is easy money to be made. The following appear to suggest market inefficiency: (b) strong form (d) weak form (e) semi-strong form4. a. Companies tend to split after their stock has performed well, but that does not mean that the stock of each individual company in the figure performed well in each month before the split. Some may have performed well in month 12 and others in month 11, and so on. There is a smooth progression in the averages, but you could not have taken advantage of this unless you knew ahead of time which stocks would split and when they would split. b. The price fell to levels prevailing before the announcement of the split.5. Dividends. A company that pays high dividends ...