Figure Drawing - Bird Horns

Bird characteristics: Body always covered with feathers; feet (toes and usually tarsometatarsus) covered with scales (thickened skin). Aquatic birds have webbed toes. No teeth; horny beak. Lightweight skeleton in flying birds (many hollow bones), with keel on sternum for attachment of flight muscles (pectoral muscles). No keel in large flightless birds (ostrich, emu, rhea). Completely bony ribs (no rib cartilage). Clavicles fused into single bone, the furculum (wishbone). Numerous neck vertebrae (number varies by species) provide great neck flexibility. Some of the middle thoracic vertebrae fused in some species (chicken); posterior thoracic, all lumbar, and all sacral vertebrae fused into...
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Figure Drawing - Bird Horns218 BIRD + ANATOMYCHICKEN SKELETONCallus gallus (all chicken drwings fro speimevs)Bird characteristics: Body always covered with feathers; feet (toes and Wing (arm) skeleton modified for flying (ostrich and penguinsusually tarsometatarsus) covered with scales (thickened skin). Aquatic evolved from flying ancestors). Wrist joint automatically straightensbirds have webbed toes. No teeth; horny beak. when elbow joint is straightened; conversely, wrist joint automatically Lightweight skeleton in flying birds (many hollow bones), with keel bends when elbow joint is bent. Individual hand and finger boneson sternum for attachment of flight muscles (pectoral muscles). No keel reduced in number and largely fused together for support of primariesin large flightless birds (ostrich, emu, rhea). Completely bony ribs (no rib (outer flight feathers). Three digits present; small third digit nonmov-cartilage). Clavicles fused into single bone, the furculum (wishbone). able. Short alular feathers attach to movable first digit. Secondaries Numerous neck vertebrae (number varies by species) provide (inner flight feathers) attach to rear edge of ulna.great neck flexibility. Some of the middle thoracic vertebrae fused in Three toes point forward and one points backward in most speciessome species (chicken); posterior thoracic, all lumbar, and all sacral ver- (e.g., chicken, hawk, crow), or two toes forward and two back (e.g.,tebrae fused into synsacrum, which in turn is fused to the pelvis. Short, woodpecker, parrot). Ostrich has two toes per foot. Toes terminate withflexible tail terminates in stout bone (pygostyle) for support of highly claws. Male chicken has bony spur covered with horny sheath onmobile long tail feathers. tarsometatarsus. BIRD » ANATOMY 219CHICKEN MUSCLESAbdAlu Abductor alulae; AbdDi2 Abductor digit! II; AbdDi4 Abductor digit! IV; Gastrocnemius tendon; IlioCr Iliotibialis cranialis; Iliofib Iliofibularis; IlioLaAbDiMa Abductor digit! majoris; Ad Man E Adductor mandibulae externus; Ascend Iliotibialis lateralis; IntDFl Intermediate digital flexors; Intert Intertransversarii;Ascendentes; BicBra Biceps brachii; BicSli Biceps slip; BivCer Biventer cervicis; IntVen Interosseus ventralis; LaDCau Latissimus dorsi caudalis; LaDCraBrach Brachialis; Complx Complexus; CutCos Cutaneus costohumeralis; DepCau Latissimus dorsi cranialis; LatCau Lateralis caudae; LevCau Levator caudae;Depressor caudae; DepMan Depressor mandibulae; EDLon Extensor digitorum LoCoVe Longus colli ventralis; ManEpi Mandibutaris epibranchialis; PecTholong us; EHL Extensor hallucis long us; ExAbOb External abdominal oblique; Pectoralis thoracis; PronPr Pronator profundus; PronSu Pronator superficialis;ExBrD4 Extensor brevis digit! IV; ExLDiM Extensor longus digit! majoris; ExMetR PubcEx Pubocaudalis externus; RecAbd Rectus abdominis; ReCaDo Rectus capitisExtensor metacarpi radialis; FCrL Flexor cruris lateralis; FCrM Flexor cruris medi- dorsalis; ReCaLa Rectus capitis lateralis; ReCaVe Rectus capitis ventralis; ScapCaalis; FCU Flexor carpi ulnaris; FDLon Flexor digitorum longus; FDMin Flexor digiti Scapulohumeralis caudalis; SerSuC Serratus superficialis caudalis; SpiCerminoris; FDP Flexor digitorum profundus; FDS Flexor digitorum superficialis; Spinalis cervicis; TenPro Tensorpropatagialis; TibCra Tibialis cranialis; TPLTFemtib Femorotibialis; FHB Flexor hallucis brevis; FHL Flexor hallucis longus; Tensor propatagialis long tendon; TPST Tensor propatagialis short tendon; TriBrHFibBrv Fibularis brevis; FibLon Fibularis longus; FlxTen Flexor tendons; GasEx Triceps brachii, humeral head; UlnimD Ulnimetacarpalis dorsalis; UlnimVGastrocnemius, external head; Gasln Gastrocnemius, internal head; GasTen Ulnimetacarpalis ventralis.22O BIRD > ANATOMYCHICKEN SKELETONFRONT VIEWAddAlu Adductor alulae; AdManE Adductor mandibulae extemus; BicBra Biceps head; IlioCr Iliotibialis cranialis; IlioLa Iliotibialis lateralis; IntDor Interosseusbrachii; BicSli Biceps slip; Brach Brachialis; Complx Complexus; DeltMa Deltoid dorsalis; Intert Intertransversarii; IntVen Interosseus ventralis; LoCoVe Longusmajor; DeltMi Deltoid minor; Ectep Ectepicondyloulnaris; EDC Extensor digitorum colli ventralis; PecTho Pectoralis thoracis; ReCaDo ffecfus capitis dor ...