Hardware and Computer Organization- P1

Hardware and Computer Organization- P1:Today, we often take for granted the impressive array of computing machinery that surrounds usand helps us manage our daily lives. Because you are studying computer architecture and digitalhardware, you no doubt have a good understanding of these machines, and you’ve probably writtencountless programs on your PCs and workstations.
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Hardware and Computer Organization- P1Hardware and Computer OrganizationHardware and Computer Organization The Software Perspective By Arnold S. BergerAMSTERDAM • BOSTON • HEIDELBERG • LONDON NEW YORK • OXFORD • PARIS • SAN DIEGOSAN FRANCISCO • SINGAPORE • SYDNEY • TOKYO Newnes is an imprint of ElsevierNewnes is an imprint of Elsevier30 Corporate Drive, Suite 400, Burlington, MA 01803, USALinacre House, Jordan Hill, Oxford OX2 8DP, UKCopyright © 2005, Elsevier Inc. All rights reserved.No part of this publication may be reproduced, stored in a retrieval system, ortransmitted in any form or by any means, electronic, mechanical, photocopying,recording, or otherwise, without the prior written permission of the publisher.Permissions may be sought directly from Elsevier’s Science & Technology RightsDepartment in Oxford, UK: phone: (+44) 1865 843830, fax: (+44) 1865 853333,e-mail: permissions@elsevier.com.uk. You may also complete your request on-line viathe Elsevier homepage (http://elsevier.com), by selecting “Customer Support” and then“Obtaining Permissions.” Recognizing the importance of preserving what has been written, Elsevier prints its books on acid-free paper whenever possible.Library of Congress Cataloging-in-Publication DataBerger, Arnold S. Hardware and computer organization : a guide for software professionals / by Arnold S. Berger. p. cm. ISBN 0-7506-7886-0 1. Computer organization. 2. Computer engineering. 3. Computer interfaces. I. Title. QA76.9.C643B47 2005 004.22--dc22 2005040553British Library Cataloguing-in-Publication DataA catalogue record for this book is available from the British Library.For information on all Newnes publicationsvisit our Web site at www.books.elsevier.com04 05 06 07 08 09 10 9 8 7 6 5 4 3 2 1Printed in the United States of AmericaFor Vivian and Andrea ContentsPreface to the First Edition .................................................................................. xiAcknowledgments ............................................................................................. xviWhat’s on the DVD-ROM? ................................................................................ xviiCHAPTER 1: Introduction and Overview of Hardware Architecture ................. 1 Introduction ................................................................................................................................ 1 A Brief History of Computing ...................................................................................................... 1 Number Systems ....................................................................................................................... 12 Converting Decimals to Bases .................................................................................................... 25 Engineering Notation ............................................................................................................... 26 Summary of Chapter 1 .............................................................................................................. 27 Exercises for Chapter 1 .............................................................................................................. 28CHAPTER 2: Introduction to Digital Logic ......................................................... 29 Electronic Gate Description ........................................................................................................ 39 Truth Tables ............................................................................................................................... 44 Summary of Chapter 2 .............................................................................................................. 46 Exercises for Chapter 2 .............................................................................................................. 47CHAPTER 3: Introduction to Asynchronous Logic............................................. 49 Introduction .............................................................................................................................. 49 Laws of Boolean Algebra ........................................................................................................... 51 The Karnaugh Map ................................................................................................................... 55 Clocks and Pulses ...................................................................................................................... 62 Summary of Chapter 3 .............................................................................................................. 67 Exercises for Chapter 3 .............................................................................................................. 68CHAPTER 4: Introduction to Synchronous Logic ............................................... 71 Flip-Flops ................................................................................................................................... 72 Storage Register ........................................................................................................................ 83 Summary of Chapter 4 .............................................................................................................. 90 Exercises for Chapter 4 .............................................................................................................. 91CHAPTER 5: Introduction to State Mac ...